Edema: Swelling That Can Have Many Causes

Edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the body. It most commonly affects the feet, ankles, and legs, but it can occur anywhere on the body. It’s important to note that edema is a symptom, not a disease. It is more frequently observed in pregnant women and older adults, but it can affect anyone. When swelling occurs throughout the entire body, the condition is known as anasarca.

Once the swelling is noticed, your doctor will assess the situation by checking for varicose veins, wounds, or infections. If further investigation is needed, they may order additional tests such as:

• X-rays

• CT scans

• MRI scans

• Urinalysis

• Blood tests

The most obvious symptom of edema is swelling, caused by fluid buildup. This is often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pressure in the affected area. It may also feel unusually heavy or “full.” Additional symptoms may vary depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

What Causes Edema?

There are many possible causes of edema, ranging from mild and temporary to more serious underlying health conditions. Some of the most common causes include:

• Prolonged standing or sitting: This can cause fluid to pool in the lower limbs, especially at the end of the day.

• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and increased pressure on blood vessels can lead to swelling, especially in the legs and ankles.

• Medications: Certain drugs, such as those for high blood pressure, diabetes, or inflammation, can cause fluid retention as a side effect.

• Heart failure: When the heart can’t pump effectively, blood can back up in the veins, leading to swelling, especially in the legs and feet.

• Kidney disease: Impaired kidney function can reduce the body’s ability to remove excess fluids.

• Liver disease: Conditions like cirrhosis can affect protein levels in the blood, leading to fluid leakage into surrounding tissues.

• Infections or injuries: Localized swelling can occur as part of the body’s natural inflammatory response.

When to See a Doctor

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