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Researchers focused on a molecule produced by the immune system called interleukin-17a (IL-17a). This cytokine is known to play a role in inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, and is essential for defending the body against fungal infections. Emerging evidence suggests it may also influence brain development during pregnancy.
The study was conducted on mice with different gut microbiota profiles. One group carried bacteria associated with a stronger inflammatory response involving IL-17a, while a control group did not.
When researchers artificially suppressed IL-17a in the offspring, both groups initially displayed neurotypical behavior. However, after the suppression ended and the mice developed naturally, offspring from the first group began to exhibit behaviors commonly associated with autism, such as repetitive actions.
To further test the hypothesis, researchers transplanted fecal matter from the first group of mice into the control group, effectively transferring the pro-inflammatory gut bacteria. As expected, the second group later developed similar autism-like behaviors.
Although the findings are limited to animal models, they provide a foundation for future research into how maternal gut health may contribute to neurodevelopmental conditions.
“In terms of translating our work to humans, the next major step is identifying microbiome features in pregnant women that correlate with autism risk,” Lukens explained. “Equally important is determining how we might safely and effectively modulate the maternal microbiome.”
While blocking IL-17a could theoretically reduce risk, Lukens cautioned against immune manipulation during pregnancy. “Pregnancy requires a delicate immune balance, as the body is supporting genetically foreign tissue,” he noted. “Disrupting that balance carries potential risks.”
He emphasized that IL-17a is only one part of a complex system, and many other immune and microbial factors remain to be explored.
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